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This paper reviews the "top-down" methods for synthesis of nanostructured or submicron grain size
materials which utilize severe plastic deformation along with thermal processes. Of the variety
of methods discussed, it appears that only ball milling, high pressure torsion, and accumulative
roll bonding can regularly produce average grain sizes below 100 nm - that is, nanocrystalline
materials. Recent examples of combining conventional deformation processing methods with
annealing show the possibility of forming nanocrystalline/submicron grain sizes that can optimize
mechanical properties in practical ways.
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